Insulin Resistance | PreDiabetes - HyrSelf Functional Medicine

Insulin Resistance and Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure (HAAF) are conditions that can occur independently of diabetes but often associated with it.

Insulin resistance refers to a condition in which the body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. This can lead to higher levels of insulin in the blood, which can contribute to various health problems, including type 2 diabetes.

Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is a condition in which repeated episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) lead to a blunted response of the body’s autonomic vasomotor system to subsequent episodes. This can result in an impaired ability to detect and respond to low blood sugar levels, putting affected individuals at risk for severe hypoglycemia. Which creates ambiguous, ubiquitous and confusing symptoms leading to the diagnosis of “Syndromes” or popular diagnosis du jours.

While these conditions can occur in people with diabetes, they can also occur in individuals without diabetes. Most people will never develop full diabetes blood markers, signs or symptoms. For example, insulin resistance can be seen in conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or obesity, while HAAF can occur in individuals who experience frequent episodes of hypoglycemia for other reasons, such as certain medications or rare medical conditions. It is curious that Metformin, a diabetes drug is helpful in lowering cholesterol,¹^,²^,³ ⁴ ⁵ PCOS, ⁶^,⁷^,⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹ and Hypothyroid,¹²^,¹³^,¹⁴^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷

It’s important for individuals experiencing symptoms of insulin resistance or HAAF to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medication, or other interventions aimed at improving insulin sensitivity and preventing episodes of hypoglycemia.

Clinical Pearl

People with pre-diabetes or insulin resistance also can have low or normal blood sugars, if their high circulating insulin levels are further challenged by a prolonged period of fasting or dietary restriction, e.g. food allergy/sensitivities, Paleo, Keto, Vegan, Vegetarian, etc.
Red Blood Cell (RBC) agglutination (stuck together, shed oxygen) has been consistently associated with insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance deprives all parts of the body of glucose and oxygen. Both of which are delivered through the blood.

Symptoms of Insulin Resistance

Autonomic Dysfunction (AD)S.¹⁸Julius, M. Valentini, and P. Palatini, “Overweight and hypertension: a 2-way street?” Hypertension, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 807–813, 2000.^,¹⁹Alicia A. Thorp, Markus P. Schlaich, “Relevance of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome”, Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2015, Article ID 341583, 11 pages, 2015.
- Vasomotor Imbalance²⁰^,²¹
- Poor Sampling of Hormones by Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axes (HPA, HPT, HPG, HPD, Blood glucose control)²²^,²³^,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁸^,²⁹^,³⁰
- Adrenal Fatigue³¹^,³²^,³³^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶
Sleep Issues³⁷Córdoba J, Cabrera J, Lataif L, Penev P, Zee P, Blei AT. High prevalence of sleep disturbance in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998; 27: 339-345^,³⁸Franco RA, Ashwathnarayan R, Deshpandee A, Knox J, Daniel J, Eastwood D, Franco J, Saeian K. The high prevalence of restless legs syndrome symptoms in liver disease in an academic-based hepatology practice. J Clin Sleep Med 2008; 4: 45-49^,³⁹Martino ME, Romero-Vives M, Fern ndez-Lorente J, De Vicente E, B rcena R, Gaztelu JM. Sleep electroencephalogram alterations disclose initial stage of encephalopathy. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2002; 24 Suppl D: 119-122^,⁴⁰Mostacci B, Ferlisi M, Baldi Antognini A, Sama C, Morelli C, Mondini S, Cirignotta F. Sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness in patients with cirrhosis: a case control study. Neurol Sci 2008; 29: 237-240
- Inability to stay asleep at night. (Sympathetic over-ride)⁴¹^,⁴²^,⁴³^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁷^,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰
- Excess Daytime Sleepiness (body goes into Power-Saver Mode)⁵¹^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁵⁴
Thermogenesis (Sympathetic over-ride)
- Also know as “Hot Flashes”.⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁷
Hypoglycemic-Associated Autonomic Dysfunction (HAAF)
- Patients with Insulin Resistance are likely to have impaired awareness of their hypoglycemia, termed Hypoglycemia Unawareness (HU).⁵⁸^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁰
- Women are more prone to Hypoglycemic Unawareness.
- The strongest risk factor for future hypoglycemia is the number of prior hypoglycemic events;
- AD is common in Insulin Resistance / Metabolic Syndrome patients, and in those who suffer Iatrogenic Hypoglycemia⁶¹^,⁶²^,⁶³^,⁶⁴ there is a hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF).⁶⁵ This is a result of decreased response of adrenaline and the SNS to hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemic Unawareness (HU)
- AD creates hypoglycemic unawareness, and therefore a vicious circle of worsening AD.⁶⁶^,

Blood sugar/glucose – High.
- Mild, brief periods of low blood sugar are normal during the day, especially if meals are not eaten on a regular schedule. But prolonged hyperglycemia with some of the symptoms listed here, especially physical and mental fatigue, are not normal.
- Feeling agitated, jittery, moody, nauseated, or having a headache is common in Insulin Resistance, without immediate relief once food is eaten.
Blood sugar / glucose – Low or Normal
- Low Blood Sugar / Glucose
  - Occurs with Hypoglycemic Associated Autonomic Failure (HAAF) and/or Hypoglycemic Unawareness (HU).
- Prolonged Period of Fasting or Dietary Restriction
  - People with pre-diabetes or insulin resistance also can have low or normal blood sugars, if their high circulating insulin levels are further challenged by a prolonged period of fasting or dietary restriction, e.g. food allergy/sensitivities, Paleo, Keto, Vegan, Vegetarian, etc.
Bone Health
- The higher the degree of insulin resistance, the greater the risk of osteoporosis.⁶⁷^,⁶⁸^,⁶⁹^,⁷⁰^,⁷¹^, ⁷²^,⁷³

Brain fogginess and inability to focus.
- Brain requires oxygen and glucose to function efficiently. Insulin Resistance deprives the brain of the necessary oxygen and glucose.⁷⁴^,⁷⁵^,⁷⁶^,⁷⁷^,⁷⁸^,⁷⁹
- Insulin resistance influences brain function by its action on cerebral glucose metabolism and on neurodegeneration.⁸⁰
- RBC agglutination slows blood flow to the muscles, nerves and all parts of the body. RBC agglutination causes RBCs to shed oxygen. Further depriving all of the body of oxygen and glucose.
Cardiovascular disease⁸¹Alicia A. Thorp, Markus P. Schlaich, “Relevance of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome”, Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2015, Article ID 341583, 11 pages, 2015.^,⁸²Perciaccante A, Fiorentini A, Paris A, Serra P, Tubani L. Circadian rhythm of the autonomic nervous system in insulin resistant subjects with normoglycemia, impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 May 2;6:19^,⁸³K. G. M. M. Alberti, P. Zimmet, and J. Shaw, “The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition,” The Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9491, pp. 1059–1062, 2005.^,⁸⁴Reaven G. The metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistance syndrome? different names, different concepts, and different goals. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004;33(2):283-303.^,⁸⁵Wilcox G. Insulin and insulin resistance. Clin Biochem Rev. 2005;26(2):19-39.
- RBC Agglutination causes RBCs to shed oxygen. Especially in turbulent areas, i.e. heart blood vessels. Free oxygen becomes destructive Reactive Oxygen Species (free-radicals) that damage interior of blood vessels. Cholesterol is used to spackle over the damaged areas.

Depression.
- Insulin resistance does not change with antidepressant treatment.⁸⁶^,⁸⁷
- Insulin resistance is increased in depression during acute episodes.⁸⁸^,⁸⁹^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹²^,⁹³^,⁹⁴
- When the brain is deprived of oxygen and glucose, brain function slows down, going into power saver mode creating the symptoms of “depression”.
- Brain requires oxygen and glucose to function efficiently. Insulin Resistance deprives the brain of the necessary oxygen and glucose.
- RBC agglutination slows blood flow to the brain. Further depriving the brain of oxygen and glucose.
Dyslipidemia – Increased cholesterol and triglycerides.
- High Cholesterol, LDL increase the stickiness of Red Blood Cells – RBC Agglutination.
- Hypoxia (Low Oxygen):
  - High Cholesterol, LDL decreases the delivery and availability of oxygen to the tissues of the body.⁹⁵^,⁹⁶^,⁹⁷^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²
- RBC Agglutination causes RBCs to shed oxygen. Free oxygen becomes destructive Reactive Oxygen Species (free-radicals) that damage interior of blood vessels. Cholesterol is used to spackle over the damaged areas.
- When Triglycerides are equal to or greater than Cholesterol suspect Diabetes.

Triglycerides equal to Low Cholesterol associated with Diabetes.
Chronic dietary restriction due to healthy eating or chronic illness causes malnutrition and distorts insulin resistance markers.
Patient taking every possible thyroid supplement drove herself into severe Thyrotoxicosis.
Insulin Resistance Markers
Diabetes Markers
Patient ignores Insulin Resistance while focusing on proving Mold diagnosis.

Exocrine Pancreas Insufficiency

Eye – Floaters, cataracts, declining vision¹⁰³Anan, F., Takayuki, M., Takahashi, N. et al. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients. Hypertens Res 32, 299–305 (2009).^,¹⁰⁴Parvanova A, Iliev I, Filipponi M, Dimitrov BD, Vedovato M, Tiengo A, Trevisan R, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P. Insulin resistance and proliferative retinopathy: a cross-sectional, case-control study in 115 patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4371-6.^,¹⁰⁵Sinclair SH., Schwartz SS. Diabetic Retinopathy–An Underdiagnosed and Undertreated Inflammatory, Neuro-Vascular Complication of Diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 2019 ISSN=1664-2392
- retinal hemorrhages, floaters (soft exudates, hard exudates), Changes in blood vessels of the eyes (intraretinal microvascular abnormalities or venous beading)
- Reversible cataracts¹⁰⁶^,¹⁰⁷
- Glaucoma – insulin resistance underpins the causality for intraocular pressure elevation and the consequent glaucomatous damages.¹⁰⁸^,¹⁰⁹^,¹¹⁰^,¹¹¹

Nobody looks at the Ciliary ganglion controlling blood flow to the eye.
Insulin Resistance alter blood flow and oxygen/glucose delivery to the eye.

Fatigue. Sometimes the fatigue is physical, but often it is mental.
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), commonly known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME).¹¹²
- CFS is associated with Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome,¹¹³which further exacerbates fatigue.¹¹⁴
- Increased energy strain may result from exertion-triggered tissue hypoxia, lead to systemic metabolic adaptation and compensation (Insulin Resistance).¹¹⁵
- Through various mechanisms, Insulin Resistance combined with Portal Hypertension are mediators of the key symptoms in ME/CFS and is a target for supportive intervention.¹¹⁶
- Muscles, nerves, brain, and all other parts of the body require oxygen and glucose to function efficiently. Insulin Resistance deprives all of them of the necessary oxygen and glucose.
- RBC agglutination slows blood flow to the muscles, nerves and all parts of the body. RBC agglutination causes RBCs to shed oxygen. Further depriving all of the body of oxygen and glucose.
Fibromyalgia
- Metabolic Syndrome or Insulin Resistance is associated with an increased risk of Fibromyalgia.¹¹⁷^,¹¹⁸^,¹¹⁹^,¹²⁰^,¹²¹^,¹²²^,¹²³^,¹²⁴
- Fibromyalgia patients have a greater glycemic response to a glucose load than do healthy people.
- The difference in the glycemic response is explained by Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Conditions.
Fluid Retention
- Failure of normal lymphatic function results in a build-up of interstitial fluid and can lead to the clinical manifestations such as lymphedema and ascites.¹²⁵^,¹²⁶^,¹²⁷^,¹²⁸^,¹²⁹
- This results in weight gain that is difficult to loose.
Hypoglycemic Associated Autonomic Failure (HAAF)
- Autonomic Dysfunction (AD) is common in Insulin Resistance / Metabolic Syndrome patients, and in those who suffer Iatrogenic Hypoglycemia¹³⁰^,¹³¹^,¹³²^,¹³³ there is a hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF).¹³⁴ This is a result of decreased response of adrenaline and the SNS to hypoglycemia.¹³⁵
- Hypoglycemic Unawareness (HU)
  - Autonomic Dysfunction (AD) creates hypoglycemic unawareness, and therefore a vicious circle of worsening AD.¹³⁶
- Symptoms of HAAF
  - sweating, hot flashes, (Thermogenesis)
  - palpitations,
  - tremulousness, quivering, shakes;
  - anxiety, and hunger
Hepatic Portal Hypertension
- Insulin resistance (IR) is an important driver for the development of portal hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver.
- Hepatic Portal Hypertension is a multi-organ condition.
- Hepatic Encephalopathy
  - Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy effects areas of attention, alertness, response inhibition, and decision making functions¹³⁷^,¹³⁸^,¹³⁹^,¹⁴⁰ and sleep disorders.¹⁴¹^,¹⁴²^,¹⁴³^,¹⁴⁴ Moreover, the brain fog and cognitive impairment results in the use of more healthcare resources focused on treating only the brain while ignoring the causative liver dysfunction.¹⁴⁵^,¹⁴⁶^,¹⁴⁷^,¹⁴⁸^,¹⁴⁹^,¹⁵⁰^,¹⁵¹
  - Unfortunately, it is often under-diagnosed, likely related to the notion that highly specialized personnel concentrate all their efforts on the brain and Central Nervous System.¹⁵²
  - Internal Hemorrhoids: Esophageal varices/GERD,¹⁵³^,¹⁵⁴^,¹⁵⁵ stomach varicies,¹⁵⁶^,¹⁵⁷^,¹⁵⁸ small intestine,¹⁵⁹^,¹⁶⁰^,¹⁶¹^,¹⁶²^,¹⁶³ large intestine,¹⁶⁴^,¹⁶⁵^,¹⁶⁶ diaphragm, umbilical,¹⁶⁷^,¹⁶⁸^,¹⁶⁹^,¹⁷⁰ Uterine,¹⁷¹^,¹⁷² Pelvic Congestion Syndrome,¹⁷³^,¹⁷⁴^,¹⁷⁵ gallbladder,¹⁷⁶^,¹⁷⁷^,¹⁷⁸^,¹⁷⁹^,¹⁸⁰ and spider/varicose veins in legs.¹⁸¹^,¹⁸²
  - External Hemorrhoids: Vaginal,¹⁸³^,¹⁸⁴Rectal¹⁸⁵^,¹⁸⁶^,¹⁸⁷^,¹⁸⁸^,¹⁸⁹^,¹⁹⁰^,¹⁹¹

97% of Disc Bulges identified by MRI are Hyperemic Blood Vessels.

Disc Bulges: 96% of disc bulges seen on MRI images are Epidural Varices.¹⁹²^,¹⁹³^,¹⁹⁴^,¹⁹⁵
Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) by means of direct mechanical compression or congested flow-induced ischemia.¹⁹⁶^,¹⁹⁷^,¹⁹⁸^,¹⁹⁹^,²⁰⁰
Brain and Spinal Cord Myelopathy causing changes in the central nervous system blood flow and neural degeneration.²⁰¹^,²⁰²^,²⁰³^,²⁰⁴
Hypertension – Increased blood pressure.
- It is a fact that most people with hypertension have too much insulin and are Insulin Resistant. It is often possible to show a direct relationship between insulin resistance and blood pressure: as insulin levels elevate, so does blood pressure. A close relationship exists among insulin resistance, glucose alterations, and arterial hypertension.
- ²⁰⁵^,²⁰⁶^,²⁰⁷
- Insulin resistance and reactive hyperinsulinemia occur not only in patients with obesity, impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes mellitus, but also in many non-obese, non-diabetic individuals with early stages of Portal Hypertension.²⁰⁸
- Essential arterial hypertension is an insulin-resistant state.²⁰⁹
- Common mechanisms, for instance, involve upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of the immune system, have a role in the association between insulin resistance and arterial hypertension.²¹⁰
- Insulin resistance causes reduced vascularization of the skeletal muscles which on the background of insulin resistance leads to enhanced development of hypertension with subsequent hypertrophy of the vascular wall and left ventricle and to the development of arteriosclerosis.²¹¹
Reduced Muscle Vascularization
- The skeletal muscle is one of the main targets of insulin and its action is central for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.²¹²
- The skeletal muscle vasculature behaves in an extremely flexible manner.²¹³^,²¹⁴
- Skeletal muscle microvascular (capillary) blood flow plays an important role in glucose metabolism by increasing the delivery of glucose and insulin to the myocytes. This process is impaired in insulin-resistant individuals.²¹⁵^,²¹⁶^,²¹⁷
- Obesity, insulin resistance and ageing are all associated with impaired microvascular responses to insulin in skeletal muscle.²¹⁸
- Insulin resistance causes reduced vascularization of the skeletal muscles.²¹⁹

Fatty Liver Conditions

Related Keywords:

Insulin resistance symptoms
Insulin resistance diet
Insulin resistance treatment
Metabolic syndrome diagnosis
Syndrome X causes
Hypoglycemic associated autonomic failure management

Top Competitor Sites with URLs:

Website: healthline.com

Website: mayoclinic.org

Website: webmd.com

Suggested Sites for Outreach and Backlinks:

American Diabetes Association

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Harvard Health Publishing

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